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What are PCR Tests?

A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test detects genetic material from an organism (i.e. bacteria or a virus) by copying a small portion of the genetic material in a process called amplification.

Amplification allows for easier detection and identification of pathogens (disease-causing organisms) — sometimes even prior to symptoms surfacing — thus helping to prevent the transmission of infection and halt further disease spread. Tests that do not use amplification, such as antigen tests, might not achieve early detection because there are not enough viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens present in a patient’s sample.

How Does PCR Testing Work?2

1. A patient gives a sample

 

A healthcare provider takes a sample of blood, saliva, mucus, or tissue. This sample contains DNA or RNA (genetic material).

2. The sample is placed into a machine 
where PCR amplification occurs

 

A chemical reaction causes the sample to make billions of copies 
of the genetic sequence.

3. The test is complete

 

The machine determines if pathogens are present in the amplified sample. 
A healthcare professional examines the results to develop a treatment plan.

What is the Difference Between PCR and Antigen Testing?

 

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, both PCR and rapid antigen testing emerged as integral to slowing the spread of the virus. However, PCR has been recognized as the gold standard for respiratory virus testing.

dna

PCR Tests

PCR tests are more sensitive than antigen tests. PCR tests amplify genetic material from the virus; therefore, they can detect very small amounts of virus in a sample

icon molecule

 

Antigen Tests

Antigen tests detect viral proteins directly from a sample without amplification; therefore, false negatives may occur if there is a low or moderate amount of virus present

Time to result and intended use environment may vary, refer to individual test package insert for details.

 

1 Medline Plus: PCR Tests. Accessed 10/1/2022. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pcr-tests/

2 Cleveland Clinic: COVID-19 and PCR Testing. Accessed 10/1/2022. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/ diagnostics/21462-covid19-and-pcr-testing